Current Issue : July-September Volume : 2011 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints. About 1% of the world's population is afflicted by rheumatoid arthritis, women three times more often than men. The exact causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Rheumatoid arthritis is most likely triggered by a combination of factors, including an abnormal autoimmune response, genetic susceptibility, and some environmental or biologic trigger, such as a viral infection or hormonal changes. The process produces an inflammatory response of the synovium (synovitis) secondary to hyperplasia of synovial cells, is excess synovial fluid, and the development of pannus in the synovium. The pathology of the disease process often leads to the destruction of articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joints. Cytokines like TNF-a and IL-1 are found to be present in the rheumatoid joint fluids and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TNF-a is important in inflammation and tissue destruction, upregulates the production of IL-1 through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and hepatic synthesis of IL-6. Both IL-1 and TNF-a trigger activation and proliferation of synovial cells, induce collagen synthesis, inhibit proteoglycan synthesis, and stimulate bone resorption, induce production of other cytokines, and upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Thus, cytokines play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the Rheumatoid arthritis....
Alzheimer's disease (AD), most common cause of dementia, is characterized by a decline in cognitive function and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in extracellular plaques. The ability of catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide generated in response to Aβ was suggested as a mechanism for catalase protection. Lipid peroxidation (marked by MDA level), a hallmark of oxidative tissue injury, has been found to be elevated in AD. To investigate the antioxidant role of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirecta nimba and their combination in aluminum induced oxidative stress in rhodents. Albino white mice were randomized into 5 groups receiving daily treatment for 4 weeks: 1) Double distilled water p.o., 2) 4.2 mg/kg Aluminum chloride i.p, 3) Ocimum sanctum (200mg/kg p.o.) + 4.2 mg/kg Aluminum chloride i.p, 4) Azadirecta nimba (200mg/kg p.o.) + 4.2 mg/kg Aluminum chloride i.p, 5) Ocimum sanctum (100mg/kg) and Azadirecta nimba (100mg/kg) in (1:1) combination p.o. + 4.2 mg/kg Aluminum chloride i.p. The neurobehavioral effect was studied by tests such as elevated plus maze and pole climb avoidance test. After this tests brain homogenate was assayed for lipid peroxidation levels as well as for catalase activity. Group-3 and Group-4 has shown significant effect, while Group-5 has shown statistical potent activity in neurobehavioral tests and reduction in MDA level (P<0.05) with increase in catalse level (P<0.05) compare to Group-2. This study indicates that Ocimum sanctum, Azadirecta nimba and their combination are helpful enough to relieve few of AD like symptoms and also could be helpful for further studies....
The word obesity (from the Latin ob-esum, meaning on account of having been eaten) is a lay term which means the same as fatness but with moderately abusive overtones. Obesity is a disease with International Classification of Disease code E66 (World Health Organization, 1997). In adults ‘obesity’ is now defined by international convention to indicate the state of having a BMI of < 30 kg/m2 (or ‘grade 2 obesity’), while a BMI of > 25 kg/m2 is designated ‘overweight’ (or ‘grade obesity’) and a BMI of 18•5–25 kg/m2 is ‘normal’, so by definition a BMI of > 25 kg/m2 is abnormal. The disease itself is the process of excess fat accumulation, and obesity is a progressive systemic disease process, with multiple organ-specific manifestations. Obesity brings a host of debilitating symptoms plus secondary metabolic effects, many of which conspire to cause IHD. Obesity now presents one of the biggest health problems of our times. Diet and exercise are best for both prevention and treatment; unfortunately, both require much discipline and are difficult to maintain. Medications offer a possible adjunct, but their effect is modest, they are limited by side effects, and the weight loss lasts only as long as the drug is being taken, since as soon as treatment is stopped, the weight is regained. Sibutramine, a sympathomimetic medication which was available for long-term treatment is the most recent of the drugs to be withdrawn from the market due to side effects; in this case it was an increased risk of cardiovascular events. A number of other drugs remain available, but learning more about the combination of existing medications and new drug development will hopefully provide better treatment for this very difficult....
The objective of present study was to evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively the toxic effect of Cefepime on rat’s kidney and liver via measuring the in vivo concentration of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase, creatinine along with malonaldialdehyde (MDA), total bilirubin level and uric acid levels in albino rat. Though some of the cephalosporin has the unique characteristics of scavenging the free radicals, but the observed results showed that the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase were significantly lowered along with increase in the MDA levels after the treatment with amikacin as compared to control group (normal saline). Cefepime has also found to increase other biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, Uric Acid, Total Bilirubin and Creatinine in the treated group as compared to control group. The results were further supported by the histological reports These findings suggest that the treatment with cephalosporin, such as Cefepime leads to a significant free radical generation which leads to oxidative stress, resulting into a significant hepatic and renal tissue injury....
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome characterized by abnormal insulin secretion, derangements in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and is diagnosed by the presence of hyperglycemia. In addition to elevated blood glucose levels, increased production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals), which are known to exhibit direct tissue damaging properties, may contribute to a number of diabetic complications such as cardiovascular, blindness, amputations, renal insufficiency, neuronal defects, wound healing and impotency. The world prevalence of diabetes among adults (aged 20–79 years) will be 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults, in 2010, and will increase to 7.7% and 439 million adults by 2030. The long-term complication of diabetes having different pathophysiology and classes according to treat the condition currently different drug therapy is available. This article reviews the complications of diabetes, prevalence, pathogenesis and covers currently available drug therapy for peoples....
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